Cell Biology: Cell Structure, Mitosis, and Meiosis Explained
Cell biology is a core topic in biology from Year 7 onwards. Understanding the basics gives you an advantage in many follow-up topics.
Animal Cell Structure
Cell membrane (outer layer), Nucleus (contains DNA), Mitochondria (powerhouses — produce energy), Endoplasmic reticulum (transport system), Ribosomes (protein factories), Golgi apparatus (packaging and dispatch).
Difference: Animal vs. Plant Cell
Plant cells additionally have: Cell wall (rigid, made of cellulose), Chloroplasts (for photosynthesis), and a large Vacuole (water storage).
Mitosis — Cell Division for Growth
Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells. It serves growth and repair. Phases: Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase. Result: 2 cells with 46 chromosomes each (in humans).
Meiosis — Cell Division for Reproduction
Meiosis produces four genetically different cells (gametes). Result: 4 cells with 23 chromosomes each. This creates egg and sperm cells.
The Key Difference
Mitosis: 1 division → 2 identical cells (2n). Meiosis: 2 divisions → 4 different cells (n). Remember: Mitosis = Growth, Meiosis = Reproduction.
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